Ulnar Nerve Entrapment

---

Etiology

---

Nerves, from their origins to their ends, can be compressed during their journey, especially upon passing through the oesteofibrous canals. Cubital tunnel syndrome is a condition brought on by increased pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow.

There is a bone bump on the inner portion of the elbow (medial epicondyle) under which the ulnar nerve passes. This site is commonly called the “funny bone”. At this site, the ulnar nerve lies directly next to the bone and is susceptible to pressure. When the pressure on the nerve becomes great enough to disturb the way the nerve works, then numbness, tingling, and pain may be felt in the elbow, forearm, hand, and/or fingers.

What causes cubital tunnel syndrome?

Pressure on the ulnar nerve at the elbow can develop in several ways. The nerve is positioned right next to the bone and has very little padding over it, so pressure on this can put pressure on the nerve. For example, if you lean your arm against a table on the inner part of the elbow, your arm may fall asleep and be painful from sustained pressure on the ulnar nerve. If this occurs repetitively, the numbness and pain may be more persistent. In some patients, the ulnar nerve at the elbow clicks back and forth over the bony bump (medial epicondyle) as the elbow is bent and straightened. If this occurs repetitively, the nerve may be significantly irritated.

Additionally, pressure on the ulnar nerve can occur from holding the elbow in a bent position for a long time, which stretches the nerve across the medial epicondyle. Such sustained bending of the elbow may tend to occur during sleep. Sometimes the connective tissue over the nerve becomes thicker, or there may be variations of the muscle structure over the nerve at the elbow that cause pressure on the nerve. Cubital tunnel syndrome occurs when the pressure on the nerve is significant enough, and sustained enough, to disturb the way the ulnar nerve works.

Signs and symptoms

Cubital tunnel syndrome symptoms usually include pain, numbness, and/or tingling. The numbness or tingling most often occurs in the ring and little fingers. The symptoms are usually felt when there is pressure on the nerve, such as sitting with the elbow on an armrest, or with repetitive elbow bending and straightening. Often symptoms will be felt when the elbow is held in a bent position for a period of time, such as when holding the phone, or while sleeping. Some patients may notice weakness while pinching, occasional clumsiness, and/or a tendency to drop things. In severe cases, sensation may be lost and the muscles in the hand may lose bulk and strength.

Diagnosis

Your physician will assess the pattern and distribution of your symptoms, and examine for muscle weakness, irritability of the nerve to tapping and/or bending of the elbow, and changes in sensation. Other medical conditions may need to be evaluated such as thyroid disease or diabetes. A test called electromyography (EMG) and/or nerve conduction study (NCS) may be done to confirm the diagnosis of cubital tunnel syndrome and stage its severity. This test also checks for other possible nerve problems, such as a pinched nerve in the neck, which may cause similar symptoms.

Treatment

Medical treatment
Symptoms may sometimes be relieved without surgery, particularly if the EMG/NCS testing shows that the pressure on the nerve is minimal. C

• Changing the patterns of elbow use may significantly reduce the pressure on the nerve.
• Avoiding putting your elbow on hard surfaces may help, or wearing an elbow pad over the ulnar nerve and “funny bone” may help.
• Keeping the elbow straight at night with a splint may also help.
• A session with a therapist to learn ways to avoid pressure on the nerve may be needed.

Surgical treatment

When symptoms are severe or do not improve, surgery may be needed to relieve the pressure on the nerve. Many surgeons will recommend shifting the nerve to the front of the elbow, which relieves pressure and tension on the nerve. The nerve may be placed under a layer of fat, under the muscle, or within the muscle. Some surgeons may recommend trimming the bony bump (medial epicondyle).

Following surgery, the recovery will depend on the type of surgery that was performed. Restrictions on lifting and/or elbow movement may be recommended. Therapy may be necessary. The numbness and tingling may improve quickly or slowly, and it may take several months for the strength in the hand and wrist to improve. Cubital tunnel symptoms may not completely resolve after surgery, especially in severe cases.

Post op. complications

Progress is often noticed with the quick disappearance of pain and sensory disorders in new cases. In the older and more severe cases, the disorder can persist for another few months, especially in the sensitivity and muscular strength.

Complications

No surgical intervention guarantees that there will not be secondary complications. Every decision which involves intervention should be aware of the risks that the surgeon has to inform you about.

Common complications related to hand surgery 

• Nosocomial infections: they are rare and easily controlled with early diagnosis. Antibiotics and a new intervention may be necessary.
• Hematoma: the diagnosis must be early and surgical revision may also be necessary
• Sudeck syndrome (algodystrophy): this is a “disruptive” pain when there is no underlying problem. Its manifestation is independent of the type of surgery and can occur even after a simple immobilization. The hand becomes swollen, painful, and gradually stiffens. The evolution can be very long. Sequelae are possible (residual pain, the stiffness of the fingers and/or wrist, sometimes of the shoulder). Treatment is difficult and uses specific rehabilitation techniques
• Anaesthesia accident: the easiest but the most serious, including death (1 death per 100,000 to 150,000 anaesthesia).

Complications specific to ulnar nerve entrapment:

• Incomplete improvement (in advanced or severe cases): it is not unusual to note the persistence of a lack of strength or loss of sensitivity of the fingers
• Nerve lesions of surgical origin (rare): discussed in case of large and persistent tingling, they impose an electromyographic confirmation. The intervention can be rediscussed
• Scar pain (rare): they usually disappear with the help of massage and physiotherapy
• Persistence of tendonitis in the elbow (most common complication): it requires massage, prolonged immobilization and / or infiltration.© 2006 American Society for Surgery of the Hand.